This book gives a comprehensive overview of all relevant elements in topography and their practical application. It elaborates on the classical representation of terrain on maps such as cartographic projections, together with their classification, scale, and geographical elements. It is richly illustrated with photographs, maps and figures, in which the theoretical explanations are clarified. Readers will become acquainted with the physical characteristics of the ground, i.e. tectonic and erosive shapes, the importance and classification of terrain, genetic (fluvial, abrasive, glacial, karst) and topographic types such as higher (mountains, hills, peaks) and lower terrain (valleys, fields). In addition, the book discusses cartometry and coordinate systems, orientation in space (geographic, topographic, tactical) including by means of maps, instruments and the night sky and elaborates new techniques and technologies such as aerial photogrammetric imagery, global navigation satellite systems and LiDAR. The book also includes methods for the practical execution of concrete measurement operations, such as determining position and movement on land with maps, compass and azimuth which makes it especially useful for practitioners and professionals, e.g., for landscape planning, military exercises, mountaineering, nature walks etc. As such it offers a valuable guide not only for undergraduate students but also for researchers in the fields of geography, geosciences, geodesy, ecology, forestry and related areas looking for an overview on topography. Uniquely, the book also features an extensive glossary of topographical terms.
The new edition of this leading text atlas on corneal topography has been updated to include the latest advances in technology, such as Pentacam and Orbscan. The principles and theory underlying each technology are first clearly explained, and clinical applications are then examined. The authors describe how to use the different technologies and devices, explain the clinical readout with illustrations of normal corneal topography, discuss applications and findings in common disease states, and present the appearances after various corneal surgical procedures. The pros and cons of each system are highlighted. This up-to-date, superbly illustrated book is the most comprehensive guide to corneal topography currently available. It is anticipated that this second edition will become the seminal corneal topography textbook for all with an interest in corneal disease and its management, and refractive surgery.
Corneal Topography is designed to provide complete, practical coverage of a new field for both the general ophthalmologist and the subspecialist in the area of corneal disease. The volume explores the history of corneal topography and comprehensively demonstrates the usefulness of all forms of current instrumentation in clinical and ivestigative work striving toward improved surgical intervention in the cornea
The difference in the shapes of facial structures and their relationship to one another determines the unique and distinct appearance of each individual. This anatomic information is critical to diagnosing changes in facial topography that occur with age and in determining the best approach for augmenting and rejuvenating the aging face. Facial Topography: Clinical Anatomy of the Face provides a critical roadmap for navigating the underlying anatomy of the face. It is the first work of its type that uses cadaver dissections paired with detailed medical illustrations to depict the soft tissue surface landmarks of the face—shapes, contours, creases, and lines. This beautifully illustrated semi-atlas is packed with clinical information to help improve surgical outcomes. The book places particular emphasis on describing surface landmarks to help predict the location of deeper structures. This knowledge increases the safety of any facial procedure, because the surgeon knows the course and location of blood vessels, muscles, and nerves. The book includes advice on deteriming the best placement of injectables to achieve a predictable and aesthetic result and to avoid complications, and also helps surgeons understand the ideal placement of fillers for facial augmentation. In addition, the basic dissections provide essential information for all residents and practitioners operating in the face. Anatomic tenets are described that can be applied to any anatomic region and key clinical points are highlighted throughout. A supplemental DVD includes video demonstations of dissections and other clinical applications in each anatomic area of the face.
The measurement and characterisation of surface topography is crucial to modern manufacturing industry. The control of areal surface structure allows a manufacturer to radically alter the functionality of a part. Examples include structuring to effect fluidics, optics, tribology, aerodynamics and biology. To control such manufacturing methods requires measurement strategies. There is now a large range of new optical techniques on the market, or being developed in academia, that can measure areal surface topography. Each method has its strong points and limitations. The book starts with introductory chapters on optical instruments, their common language, generic features and limitations, and their calibration. Each type of modern optical instrument is described (in a common format) by an expert in the field. The book is intended for both industrial and academic scientists and engineers, and will be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate studies.
This fully illustrated text explains the basic measurement techniques, describes the commercially available instruments and provides an overview of the current perception of 3-D topography analysis in the academic world and industry, and the commonly used 3-D parameters and plots for the characterizing and visualizing 3-D surface topography. It also includes new sections providing full treatment of surface characterization, filtering technology and engineered surfaces, as well as a fully updated bibliography.
LASIK is a timely and authoritative source for refractive, corneal, and cataract surgeons; ophthalmologists; optometrists; ophthalmic surgeons; and upper-level undergraduate, graduate, and medical students in these disciplines. This guide emphasizes the latest tools and step-by-step procedures to increase the safety, predictability, and long-term s
This book provides an overview of the latest technological advances in various ophthalmology subspecialties: from the latest glaucoma shunt devices to mobile adaptors for posterior segment evaluation, this book has it all. It gives readers a valuable head start for adopting the uber-new and cutting-edge products now available on the market. Being familiar with these new products and technologies will help both new and established ophthalmologists make effective and efficient choices, while also helping their practices stand out from the crowd. Perhaps no other branch of medicine is as technology-oriented as ophthalmology: be it lasers, fiber optics, robotics, stem cells or nanoparticles, every cutting-edge step that “Research and Development” takes is rapidly integrated into everyday eye practice.As part of the series “Current Practices in Ophthalmology”, this volume is intended for residents, fellows-in-training, generalist ophthalmologists, specialists and vision science researchers alike.
The fabrication of an integrated circuit requires a variety of physical and chemical processes to be performed on a semiconductor substrate. In general, these processes fall into three categories: film deposition, patterning, and semiconductor doping. Films of both conductors and insulators are used to connect and isolate transistors and their components. By creating structures of these various components millions of transistors can be built and wired together to form the complex circuitry of modern microelectronic devices. Fundamental to all of these processes is lithography, ie, the formation of three-dimensional relief images on the substrate for subsequent transfer of the pattern to the substrate. This book presents a complete theoretical and practical treatment of the topic of lithography for both students and researchers. It comprises ten detailed chapters plus three appendices with problems provided at the end of each chapter. Additional Information: Visiting http://www.lithoguru.com/textbook/index.html enhances the reader's understanding as the website supplies information on how you can download a free laboratory manual, Optical Lithography Modelling with MATLAB®, to accompany the textbook. You can also contact the author and find help for instructors.
